features are taken into account in a full spatial general equilibrium simulation approach calibrated to an average German city … the subsidy should be even higher. Furthermore, the different policy packages cause a very differentiated pattern …

German metropolitan area. In extension to most studies focusing on only one kind of subsidy, we compare the effects of … account. The results suggest that optimal subsidy levels are either small or even zero. While subsidizing public transport is …, environmental effects and benefits of landowners. -- Urban general equilibrium model ; transport policy ; transport subsidy …

factor prices and on environmental outcomes. We model an output subsidy, a capital subsidy, relief from environmental … regulation, and a direct cash subsidy. In exchange for receiving subsidies, firms must agree to a minimum level of labor … employment. Each type of subsidy and the employment constraint create both output effects and substitution effects on input …

German metropolitan area. In extension to most studies focusing on only one kind of subsidy, we compare the effects of … account. The results suggest that optimal subsidy levels are either small or even zero. While subsidizing public transport is …