Choosing a sales tax technique depends on a variety of considerations to be weighed by each country in the light of its own economic and social conditions. Alternative techniques that have proved successful include (1) a single-stage manufacturers'/importers' tax; (2) a hybrid retail/wholesale...

During the 1970s and 1980s, many developing countries enacted value-added taxes (VATs) as a part of their fiscal structures. The productivity of this source of revenue has depended in large part on the facility with which the tax can be administered. Single rate VATs have proved easier to...

In 1967 the Brazilian states abolished the heterogeneous turnover taxes that they had levied for 30 years and replaced them with a unified sales tax of the value-added type. The reform was designed to overcome the defects of turnover taxation and to secure a greater degree of tax coordination...