The import content of export (ICE) has served as an indicator of global integration for several decades. It is defined as the share of imported products embodied in exports and can be interpreted as the relative degree of the utilization of global production network (GPN) over the domestic...

The study examines the relationship between trade openness and carbon dioxide emissions in the cumulative risks context for China's economic development and the European Union. Hypotheses derived from a review of the literature substantiate the following key findings: (1) A reduction in CO2...