Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem; Nikolsko‐Rzhevskyy, Alex; … - 2021
exported to Germany, France, and the U.K. by the Empire. Using the export-bundle-weighted regional rainfall as an instrument … fluctuations in regional rainfall within the Ottoman Empire capture the exogenous variation in exports from the Empire to Germany …, France, and the U.K., during the period of 1859–1913. The identification is based on the following historical facts: First …