evidence on punishment preferences, in which subjects reveal a heterogeneous preference for punishing wrongdoers, our model … identifies circumstances in which “punitive” individuals (with stronger-than-average punishment preferences) will self …-select into law enforcement jobs that offer the opportunity to punish (or facilitate the punishment of) wrongdoers. Such “punitive …

environment. Using geocoded crime data and a novel source of within-city spatial and temporal variation in punishment severity, I … consistent with police treating enforcement effort and punishment severity as complementary. I also find that citywide crime and … punishment and suggests that certain types enforcement can be reduced without incurring large public safety costs …

of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when … hypotheses derived from the theory. …

In the theory of public enforcement of law the choice of the liability rules is between strict liability and fault …

We introduce the possibility of direct punishment by specialized enforcers into a model of community enforcement … specialized enforcement technology is sufficiently effective, cooperation is best sustained by a "single enforcer punishment … punishment that enforcers are willing to impose on deviators. Conversely, when the specialized enforcement technology is …