This paper explains the concept of product architecture in the context of increasing complexity of artifacts. We first explore the process where artifacts have gained complexity. Historically, during the development of human-artifact interaction, it was critical to effectively combine mechanical...

In this paper, we define the product architecture as a design concept of a product system which needs complicated coordination among parts to achieve the user's objectives. And we will show that by using a modular architecture we can simplify (i) the functions of the product, and (ii) the...