This paper presents four policy options to make Social Security sustainable under the coming demographic shift: 1) increase payroll taxes by 6 percentage points, 2) reduce the replacement rates of the benefit formula by one-third, 3) raise the normal retirement age from sixty-six to...

This article proposes a notional defined contribution (NDC) mechanism to ensure pension mobility for the 150 million migrating workers in China during both the accumulation and drawdown phases. Planned governance would ensure independence from the three existing pension systems. An appropriately...