We present simulation results for the likely pension outcomes for different defined-contribution (DC) pension plan members distinguished by occupation and gender. While our results suggest that key differences between outcomes depend on the strategic asset allocation strategy chosen (and hence...

This paper outlines a model in which costly state verification leads to the emergence of a bank-like financial intermediary that issues both debt and equity liabilities. Shareholders incur verification costs when projects in the bank's asset portfolio fail, and depositors incur verification...

This paper investigates the structure of optimal financial contracts and the main factors that influence it--verification and monitoring costs, moral hazard, agents' wealth limitations, and their attitudes to risk. It suggests that the optimality of debt contracts with costly bankruptcy is more...

This study presents nonparametric estimates of spectral risk measures (SRM) applied to long and short positions in five prominent equity futures contracts. It also compares these to estimates of two popular alternative measures, the Value‐at‐Risk and Expected Shortfall. The SRMs are...

One of the most important developments in portfolio risk management in the 1990s was the increased use of Value at Risk (VaR). VaR has enjoyed a spectacular rise, from being largely unknown at the beginning of the 1990s, to prominence among financial institutions and, more recently, also in the...

One of the most significant recent developments in the risk measurement and management area has been the emergence of value at risk (VaR). The VaR of a portfolio is the maximum loss that the portfolio will suffer over a defined time horizon, at a specified level of probability known as the VaR...

This article outlines a subjective approach to estimating value at risk (VaR) and its related confidence intervals based on priors of the profit/loss distribution and its parameters. In the tradition of Bayesian statistics, this pro‐duces probability density functions for VaR that allow for...

This article uses a Value‐at‐Risk approach to derive an estimator of the failure probability of a financial institution. The proposed approach can be applied to any profit/loss distribution, although Extreme Value (EV) theory also tells us that the most appropriate distributions are EV. The...

The pre‐commitment approach to bank capital regulation proposes that banks self‐select capital reserve requirements, facing penalties ex post for incurring losses in excess of reserves, hence providing incentives for high‐ risk banks to choose higher capital requirements. In order to...