subsidies for water and electricity services. Their analysis of a wide range of subsidy models from around the developing world … shows that the most common form of utility subsidy-quantity-based subsidies delivered through the tariff structure … effectiveness of consumption subsidy schemes to reach the poor. Simulations suggest that connection subsidies are an attractive …

subsidization program in Germany. We find that 38% of the aggregate subsidy accrues to the top two deciles of the population, but … inequality measures. This is due to two offsetting effects: a progressive one stemming from the subsidy schedule and a regressive …

ability types take up more education.A subsidy to education will then favor these types. Wediscuss the condition for the net … education subsidy. We consider somemore elaborate schemes for education subsidies. …