A central question in applied research is to estimate the effect of an exogenous intervention or shock on an outcome. The intervention can affect the outcome and controls on impact and over time. Moreover, there can be subsequent feedback between outcomes, controls and the intervention. Many of...

Over the past decades, models of circular and cumulative causation, based on the endogenous relations between prices, exports, and labour productivity, have lost prominence in explaining economic dynamics. We argue that, in the absence of counterbalancing mechanisms, the combination of...

Die Simulationen eines kreditfinanzierten Investitionsprogramms in Höhe von 460 Mrd. Euro im makroökonomischen Modell NiGEM zeigen, dass sich eine solche öffentliche Investitionsoffensive bei konservativen Modellannahmen spätestens nach 30 Jahren selbst finanziert hat. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt...