China's economic modernization has created a new underclass population characterized by destitution and dispossession. This group is linked to social instability that intimidates the state's control of the society. This article examines Chinese penal policy changes in the face of the rising...

Accepting that successful 'development' is premised on a population's participation in a collective undertaking, we must understand urban residents'; interactions and ambitions. In African cities being transformed by geographic and social mobility, it is unclear what forms of inclusion,...

Communities urbanize when the net benefits to urbanization exceed rural areas. Body mass, height, and weight are biological welfare measures that reflect the net difference between calories consumed and calories required for work and to withstand the physical environment. Across the United...