International Monetary Fund is an international organization within the United Nations created by the Monetary and Financial Conference in 1944, the Bretton Woods United States, to facilitate exchange and financial cooperation between the member countries. IMF meets some financial functions,...

This consideration of central bank lending as a publicly provided line of credit begins by describing how private line-of-credit contracts control moral hazard and limit lending to insolvent borrowers. The fundamental problem for a central bank is to credibly commit to limit its lending. Failure...

This article makes the case for strengthening co-operation between regional financing arrangements (RFAs) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and examines ways to do so. It argues that ex ante co-operation between RFAs and the IMF is needed to reduce the risk of cooperation failing in the...

Episodes of sovereign default are typically associated with significant economic costs. The International Monetary Fund can help to mitigate these costs in a variety of ways, including by lending into arrears. Careful design of the broad policy framework governing the Fund's involvement can help...

The role of the Official Sector institutions as lenders in crisis situations has evolved over time, and, particularly in the context of the current euro area debt crisis, into something akin to a lender of last resort. Institutions like the International Monetary Fund regularly provide...

The global economy has built a tangled and tortuous financial system model at a pace arduous to manage. After the financial crisis which was widely recognized in 2008, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) made several attempts to create an effective financial system. However, the organization...

Egyptian President Abdel Fatah al-Sisi has consolidated his authoritarian regime in recent years. This has been accompanied by a significant increase in Cairo’s foreign debt, which more than tripled between June 2013 and March 2022. The country’s debt policy was directly linked to the...