The true cost of the war in Iraq must also include estimates of US expenditures after the war to defray the costs imposed upon non-combatant Iraqis.

This paper outlines an evolutionary theory of adaptive growth based on the twin principles of enterprise and the co-ordinating role of markets. The central organising idea is that economies never grow without simultaneous development. Growth as conventionally understood is a product of...

Economics is viewed as a discipline that is mainly concerned with 'simplistic' theorizing, centered upon constrained optimization. As such, it is ahistorical and outcome focused, ie, it does not deal with economic processes. It is argued that all parts of the economy are inhabited by complex...

In this article, the goal is to offer a new research agenda for evolutionary macroeconomics. The article commences with a broad review of the main ideas in the history of thought concerning the determinants of economic growth and an introduction to the evolutionary perspective. This is followed...

We develop a new methodology for evolutionary economic modelling, based upon the ‘micro-meso-macro’ analytical framework for dealing with behaviour in complex economic systems. This new methodology involves a combination of computational, historical and econometric methods. It is argued that...

The applicability of complex systems theory in economics is evaluated and compared with standard approaches to economic theorising based upon constrained optimisation. A complex system is defined in the economic context and differentiated from complex systems in physio-chemical and biological...

Building on the ontology of evolutionary realism recently proposed by Dopfer and Potts (forthcoming), we develop an analytical framework for evolutionary economics with a micro-meso-macro architecture. The motive for reconception is to make clear the highly complex and emergent nature of...

This chapter argues that evolutionary economics should be founded upon complex systems theory rather than neo-Darwinian analogies concerning natural selection, which focus on supply side considerations and competition amongst firms and technologies. It suggests that conceptions such as...

The standard neoclassical approach to economic theorizing excludes, by definition, economic emergence and the related phenomenon of entrepreneurship. We explore how the most economic of human behaviours, entrepreneurship, came to be largely excluded from mainstream economic theory. In contrast,...