The tobacco industry worldwide has annual revenues of hundreds of billions of dollars, and annual smoking-associated death rates in the millions. Electronic cigarettes designed as a less harmful alternative to traditional tobacco products allow users to inhale nicotine, without consuming the...

The paper attempts to evaluate the impact of digital transformation on productivity using a multi-level structure model of a random effect based on the Bayesian approach to cross section data. Digital transformation significantly raised general price levels in Russia and had consistently...