With the development of e-commerce, manufacturers have opportunities to sell products to consumers through direct channels in addition to independent retailers. Although manufacturers’ encroachment upon the retailing market of traditional goods has been extensively studied, there is a lack of...

Appraising pharmaceutical products at different time points of their lifecycle open ups the possibility of reversals in estimates of economic value. A product that erstwhile was rated “not cost-effective” could later on become 'cost-effective'. This paper investigates, within a single...

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating effect on the ASEAN region, which has recorded over 27 million cases of the virus. Despite rapid development of a range of COVID-19 vaccines using innovative technologies, access to these vaccines has been a challenge, with manufacturing mostly...

COVID-19 has had a devastating effect on the ASEAN region, which has recorded over 27 million cases of the virus. Despite rapid development of a range of COVID-19 vaccines using innovative technologies, access to these vaccines has been a challenge, with manufacturing mostly concentrated in the...