Increasing the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix requires enormous investments in low-carbon energy infrastructure in developing countries. Energy aid, being an important funding channel, seems to play a pivotal role in augmenting the shift towards cleaner energy sources. This...

IMF lending is generally conditional on specified policies and outcomes. These conditions usually are negotiated compromises between policies initially favored by the Fund and by the country''s authorities. In some cases the authorities might be satisfied enough with the outcome to take...

This study provides information on official financing and the debt situation of developing countries. It discusses issues related to trade finance in financial crises, and the challenge of maintaining external debt sustainability in debtor countries. It updates the 2001 edition of Official...