This paper provides a pan-EU mapping of energy affordability using energy expenditure shares for the first time. Large variations in energy expenditure shares across the EU are identified, with the shares being significantly higher in New Member States than the EU15. These variations indicate...

Climate change, resource scarcity, and environmental degradation demand a paradigm shift in urban development. Currently, too many of our cities exacerbate these problems: they pollute, consume, and process resources in ways that negatively impact our natural world. Cities of the future must...

The European Union is attempting to develop a common energy policy, despite many difficulties in the past and current uncertainties. This book examines the evolution of energy policy in a number of European states, analysing the similarities and differences in approach across the Union. In...

In the article we define the concept of inflation rate related only to electricity production and derive the appropriate discount function using the continuous-time approach. We also present a modification for models with discrete time. The concept of the inflation rate function is based on the...