Personnel-adjusted added value (PAV) is an index to measure human resource management for internal purposes. In this study, the possibilities and limitations of PAV using external estimates are investigated. To measure the effectiveness of PAV, it is compared with the general added value. This...

The importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has increased in corporate strategic management. Thus, this study focuses on three relationships: 1) the relationship between corporate financial performance (CFP) and CSR activities (CSRA), 2) the relationship between CSRA and human...

In late years, the concept of open innovation receives attention from industry and academic. This concept means that firms utilize resources outside for their R&D beyond their boundaries. Behind this background is the fact that firms have more opportunities to utilize resources outside. Previous...