Some taxes, most notably FICA, apply to a base that is neither tax inclusive nor tax exclusive. This note provides formulas for expressing tax rates on hybrid tax bases in tax-inclusive and tax-exclusive terms, and demonstrates that obligations under the Self Employment Contributions Act fail to...

Albania is preparing a Medium-Term Revenue Strategy (MTRS) to finance its development spending of an estimated 2.2-3.0 percent of GDP over five years. Revenue mobilization will be supported by comprehensive tax policy and administration reforms. International and regional comparisons suggest...

This article is discussing comparative approaches to the definitions of the e-commerce and e-payment. The international taxation systems, direct and indirect taxation, entity isolation and “arm's length principle” applied to entity isolation problem, resident-based and source-based taxation,...