The global recovery continues. Although it is not yet complete, the more favorable conjuncture offers an opportunity to tackle key policy challenges to stave off medium-term downside risks, rebuild buffers, and raise potential output. Countries should undertake well-sequenced reforms to increase...

The External Sector Report presents a methodologically consistent assessment of the exchange rates, current accounts, reserves, capital flows, and external balance sheets of the world's largest economies. The 2018 edition includes an analytical assessment of how trade costs and related policy...

This enlightening book offers a comprehensive historical analysis of the main development challenges of the last half century and the international community’s response through aid and trade. With 50 years of professional experience in the World Bank, the WTO and bilateral aid agencies,...

The American Century began in 1941 and ended on January 20, 2017. While the United States remains a military giant and is still an economic powerhouse, it no longer dominates the world economy or geopolitics as it once did. The current turn toward nationalism and "America first" unilateralism in...

Chapter I: Introduction -- Chapter II - The Manila Trade -- Chapter III - The Capital Markets of the Manila Trade -- Chapter IV - The Business Model of the one-Galleon System -- Chapter V – An Alternative model of Trade Finance -- Chapter VI – The Political Economy of the Manila trade --...