This study examines the motivations for seasoned equity offering and the decomposition strategy that breaks the book-to-market ratio into misvaluation and growth components. In logit-based tests, we find strong support for the misvaluation explanation, which predict that firms issue when...

Token offerings or initial coin offerings (ICOs) are smart contracts based on blockchain technology designed to raise external finance without an intermediary. The new technology might herald a revolution in entrepreneurial and corporate finance, with soaring market growth rates over the last...