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This paper surveys the rise and fall of the European mercantilist system, and the transition to the modern, well-integrated international economy of the 19th century. It also surveys the literature on the links between trade and economic growth during the period, and on the economic effects of...

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This paper examines the statistical consequences of the rise of vertical trade. It makes usual trade statistics misleading as a measure of the contribution of each industry and each country to the international division of labour. This paper uses input-output tables and trade tables from the...

This paper presents a critical survey of the literature on trade openness. In the first part we start by analyzing distributive domestic issues that arise following changing trade patterns. We identify the sources of the problems, and assess the technical and political feasibility of measures...

Even if the debate on globalization pits sceptics and enthusiasts against one another, they seem to agree at least on exposing the protectionism of developed countries. This is illustrated by a recent report by OXFAM on trade, the way some enthusiasts have reacted to it, and miscellaneous...

From 1980 to 2002, French industry lost 1,450,000 jobs. The growth of imports from emerging countries suggests that trade with them might be the culprit. First, however, one must correct the raw employment loss number from the effect of the rise of temporary work and domestic outsourcing: thus...

This paper studies the recent evolution of international trade logistic costs. Domestic logistic costs as a whole have declined as a share of U.S. GDP since the 80s : they now stand at slightly less than 10 % ?? but transport costs have not. The paper uses two families of sources to measure...