We examine stock market returns at short intervals following after-hours earnings announcements to determine whether the opening price set by NYSE market makers is efficient. Our tests of return volatility, correlation of the close-to-open return with subsequent returns, and trading strategies...

In a single market, liquidity supply has two dimensions--price measured by the quoted spread, and quantity measured by the quoted depth. A third liquidity dimension, market breath, should be added when multiple markets quote the same security and there are enforceable regulatory penalties for a...

The purpose of this study is to investigate how bondholders' limited upside potential impacts the timeliness of the bond market reaction to bad news earnings surprises. We find that bond prices anticipate the majority of the information in bad news earnings surprises, but none of the information...