The study examines the relationship between trade openness and carbon dioxide emissions in the cumulative risks context for China's economic development and the European Union. Hypotheses derived from a review of the literature substantiate the following key findings: (1) A reduction in CO2...

Considering the complexity of energy systems and the uncertainties surrounding the transition path, governments must take into account not only environmental concerns but also energy security and affordability in economic progress pathways. Therefore, using population growth and energy usage as...