in many countries and more needs to be done to make growth more inclusive .In the second part we estimate the trend … the growth rates of GDP trend. For Africa as a hole and for most countries we find relatively low trend growth rates until … the mid-nineties. Since then the trend growth rates rose remarkably - for Africa from 2 % to about 5 %. In the last five …

This paper discusses various approaches to decompose economic time series into their trend and cyclical components. For … over 30 years now, the Deutsche Bundesbank publishes trend-adjusted indicators in its Statistical Supplement 4 entitled …-King low-pass filter are investigated. All three of the filters are able to clearly separate the trend component from the …

We develop and test a robust procedure for extracting an underlying signal in form of a time-varying trend from very … patient's condition. We use robust regression functionals for local approximation of the trend in a moving time window. For …

the market trend, prior sales and decision maker's preference on potential demand estimate. With the rapid growth of the … sale comprising upcoming demand projection by seller's internal team, data from past sales and the overall trend of seller …