Introduction -- Methodology -- Theory: Community Governance and Patenting in Science -- Policy Analysis: Patenting for the Third Mission -- Empirics: Patenting Motives in Basic Science -- Synthesis: Contextual Patent Functions -- Summary.

From its 1958 origin in defense, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) model for research funding has, in the last two decades, spread to other parts of the US federal government with the goal of developing radically new technologies. In this paper, we propose that the key elements of the...

This study creatively investigates the strategic and substantive innovation transformation of basic research results from the perspective of intellectual property protection. Using Chinese provincial panel data from 2001 to 2018, the relevant empirical research findings are threefold. First,...