The literature on economic growth has identified knowledge expansion as a key propellant. Early research derived this conclusion from the residual that remained after the growth contributions from capital and labour had been accounted for. Later modifications expanded the concept of fixed...

To what extent are new and/or innovative firms fundamentally different from established firms, and therefore require a different form of financing? The theoretical background for this proposition is presented, and the empirical evidence on its importance is reviewed. Owing to the intangible...

Global policy discussions increasingly focus on innovation and the knowledge economy as a driver of long-term growth. In parallel new forms of innovation processes are emerging, notably open innovation and innovation networks stressing the importance of connections between various stakeholders....

Financing constraints have been discussed as a major obstacle to innovation. Small and mediumsized enterprises and start-ups are particularly concerned by such impediments. Venture capital has emerged as a partial solution in some countries, but is only available for start-up firms with major...

We examine the impacts of both domestic and international financial market development on R&D intensities in 22 manufacturing industries in 18 OECD countries for the period 1990- 2003. We take account of such industry characteristics as the need for external financing and the amount of tangible...

This paper examines the role of both cost-sharing schemes in health insurance systems and entry regulation for pharmaceutical R&D expenditure, drug prices, aggregate productivity, and income. The analysis suggests that both an increase in the coinsurance rate and stricter price regulations...

Recent changes in the funding and governance of research universities have attempted to make them more strategically active in contributing to national goals. However, the ability of universities to develop strategic capabilities as cohesive organisations is limited by the inherent uncertainty...

The governance and organisation of scientific research undertaken for publication have altered significantly since the end of the Second World War in many industrialised economies. These changes have had significant effects on authority relations governing research goals, approaches and the...

Das Fundament einer erfolgversprechenden Finanzierungsstrategie bilden zun?chst nachhaltige Markt- und Produktausrichtungen, ein kompetentes Management, ein etabliertes Netzwerk von Investoren und nicht zuletzt nachweisbare Erfolge aus der Vergangenheit. Besonders letztes Kriterium gewinnt in...