Thermal stratification within hot water tanks maximises the availability of stored energy and facilitates optimal use of both conventional and renewable energy sources. However, stratified tanks are also associated with the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, such as Legionella, due to the...

Domestic hot water tanks represent a significant potential demand side management asset within energy systems. To operate effectively as energy storage devices, it is crucial that a stratified temperature distribution is maintained during operation; this paper details experimental and numerical...