and how far the interests of the marginalized poor are undermined by the dominant elite consisting mainly of the landed … and the capitalists. We distinguish the dominant elite from the minority elite (i.e., elected women and low caste … education while presence of capitalist elite, as reflected in greater degree of industrialisation enhances it, even in poorer …

Inter- and intra-state disparities in levels of literacy rates in India are striking, especially for the marginalized … elite dominance that discriminates against the minority groups of people and systematically under-invests in mass education …. We experiment with various indirect economic and political measures of elite dominance. Results based on the Indian state …