"This book explores why the center cities of Baltimore, Cleveland, Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis have underperformed for more than 40 years, from 1970 to the present. The authors' investigation of how these cities and their residents can escape the poverty trap is informed by...

The paper presents a theoretical model that seeks to answer the question of why former squatter settlements tend to upgrade/redevelop at a slower pace than otherwise similar settlements originating in the formal sector. We argue that squatter settlers' initial strategy to access urban land...

This paper examines San Francisco's urban development transformations in the post-1980 decades. The transformations are examined through two spectrums: functional concentration and economic base. Through the variables of employment by land use and floor area by land use, the functional...