are those that form between migrants and natives in the host country and between migrants and their home country. Ethnic … networks exist when assimilation is not complete. We consider the struggle of migrants to assimilate and, at the same time, the … that it may well be in the interest of migrants who specialize in trade to, at some point in time, turn from investing in …

probability of immigrants, and for second or higher generation migrants, a positive impact of clustering on wages. …

and the percentage of migrants employed at a workplace. We find wages are lower in workplaces employing a higher … percentage of migrants, but only when those migrants are non-EEA migrants. However, the effects are no longer apparent when we …