their patronage powers. We support this conclusion with new evidence from many countries, allowing us to rule out …

This paper argues that institutionalized party patronage -- the focus of recent studies by Barbara Geddes, Jason … Brownlee, and Beatriz Magaloni -- is an ineffective source of elite cohesion. Patronage may preserve elite unity during normal … in Kenya, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Pure patronage parties in Kenya (KANU) and Zambia (UNIP) that were not …

Electoral clientelism and vote buying are widely perceived as major obstacles to economic development. This is because … they may limit the provision of public goods. In this paper, we review the literature on clientelism and vote buying and … countries. Clientelism and vote buying seem to be effective and to enjoy widespread electoral support. The results suggest that …