In investigations where the parameter of interest is the mean or expectation of some random variable and the underlying probability measure (distribution) is unknown, one usually appeals to the central limit theorem, provided it holds. In this article the central limit theorem and the weak law...

spatstat is a package for analyzing spatial point pattern data. Its functionality includes exploratory data analysis, model-fitting, and simulation. It is designed to handle realistic datasets, including inhomogeneous point patterns, spatial sampling regions of arbitrary shape, extra covariate...

Ever since the introduction of hidden Markov models by Baum and his co-workers, the method of choice for fitting such models has been maximum likelihood via the EM algorithm. In recent years it has been noticed that the gradient and Hessian of the log likelihood of hidden Markov and related...