region with multiple corn, cotton, and soybean fields infested by a mobile pest. Returns are highest, pyrethroid sprays occur … the current 20% refuge requirement costs the producer $8.67 per cotton acre, or $34.21 per nonBt cotton acre. Returns are … highest under each refuge requirement when one-toxin Bt cotton is not phased out; however, removal of the technology at the …

unique panel data of 533 cotton farmers, collected in India between 2002 and 2008, to analyze Bt impacts on cotton yield …While several studies have shown that genetically modified Bt cotton can benefit smallholder farmers economically, the …, profit, and household living standards. Results from fixed effects models show that the adoption of Bt cotton is associated …