volatility at the turn of the millennium when Japanese foreign exchange intervention started to remain unsterilized …

direction. Interventions increase volatility in the short run as they are regarded as information; but they can reduce … volatility overall. Ways of transmission may reach beyond the signaling channel and also include the portfolio balance and a …

Excessive exchange rate volatility has a deleterious effect on international financial flows, external trade … exchange rate volatility through intervention in the foreign exchange market. This article investigates the effectiveness of … exchange rate levels but also reduces the exchange rate volatility. It is also found that the short-term interest rate and the …