It is a well known empirical fact that actual option prices show persistent and systematic deviations from Black-Scholes option values. While a substantial number of enhancements have been proposed in the literature, these approaches typically leave investors’ preferences towards risk...

The theory of Black and Scholes is the basis for all contemporary financial option valuation methods. The theory is based on a portfolio consisting of stocks and options on that stock. The composition of the portfolio is renewed after a short time interval. The Black-Scholes method for valuing...

This study compares modifications of Bachelier's expected-value theory with the Black and Scholes model using implicit parameters from actual option market prices or option premiums. For the purpose of this study, seven Dutch option series were analysed over a period of five months in 2004. In...

The skewness of a statistical distribution is often used to determine whether that distribution is symmetric or not. Such a determination is misleading. To show this we have analyzed a broad range of (classes of) skewness measures – complying with the requirements of a general skewness measure...

Continuous statistical distributions can be broken down into symmetric and asymmetric distributions. Asymmetric distributions deviate from symmetric ones by having different shapes on the left and right side of a suitable point of symmetry. They can be classified into “left”- and...

It is a well known from the empirical option pricing literature, that actual option prices show persistent and systematic deviations from theoretical values under standard pricing assumptions. While a substantial number of enhancements have been proposed, these approaches typically leave...