Insurance companies can be exposed to climate-related physical risk through their operations and to transition risk … through their $12 trillion of financial asset holdings. We assess the climate risk exposure of property and casualty (P&C) and … life insurance companies in the U.S. We construct a novel physical risk factor by forming a portfolio of P&C insurers …

much money should a government hold to prepare for natural or human-made extreme risk events that the government will cover …? Although the ruin theory is commonly used for extreme risk events, we suggest a new risk measure to deal with such events in a … new framework based on multivariate risk measures. We analyze the results for the log-elliptical model of dependent claims …