In fighting a financial crisis, opacity (keeping the names of banks borrowing at emergency lending facilities secret) and stigma (the cost of having a bank's name revealed) are desirable to restore confidence. Lending facilities raise the perceived average quality of all banks' assets. Opacity...

Crises are situations that threaten organizations' continued existence. Organizations encounter crises largely because they did not adapt sufficiently to changes in their social or technological environments. When organizations do face crises, their responses have a series of phases. At first,...