artifacts that evolve in the form of a nested hierarchy of technology cycles. Such a nested complex system perspective provides …

) or to the improvement of the quality of machines without altering their underlying technology (innovations). Learning … in expanding the technology frontier; (b) when inventions occur they tend to arrive in clusters; and (c) a life-cycle of … technologies during the early stages of which a discovery is followed by a period of rapid economic growth and innovation, and the …