In this paper we review the recent liberalization process in energy markets promoted by the European Commission in the late Nineties and implemented in all the member countries. The electricity and gas industries are characterized by a predominant role of network infrastructures, and by upstream...

The EU proposal on liberalisation of the energy markets has been widely debated in policy, stakeholder and academic circles both for its content and the potential consequences to the gas and electricity markets. However, little has been said about the empirical evidence produced by the European...

This paper presents an ex-post empirical analysis of the impact of European electricity market reforms on markups of firms. The working hypothesis is that further economic integration would bring competition into electricity markets reflected by lower markups of electricity firms. The results...