Motherhood is usually associated with lower wages due to a number of reasons such as career interruptions, potentially decreased productivity/effort, and discrimination. Earlier literature provides a range of estimates from an up to 20% wage penalty in economies with more flexible labor markets...

The paper analyzes the transformation of the Russian welfare state during the transition period, through the prism of formal care provision in three distinct categories: childcare services, maternity/parental leave provisions, and in-home caregiving and other family allowances- in both Soviet...

This paper investigates whether judge political affiliation contributes to racial and gender disparities in sentencing using data on over 500,000 federal defendants linked to sentencing judge. Exploiting random case assignment, we find that Republican-appointed judges sentence black defendants...