Binary collision of droplets is a fundamental form of droplet interaction in the spraying flow field. In order to reveal the central collision mechanism of two gel droplets with equal diameters, an axi-symmetric form of the Navier-Stokes equations are firstly solved and the method of VOF (volume...

This paper introduces a continuous-time real options game to study firms' incentives in capacity preemption. Unlike previous literature usually predicting that the endogenous Stackelberg leader is better off by building a larger capacity than its follower, this paper shows that under fairly...

This paper compares R&D competition and cooperation when firms can devote resources to a ‘safe’ investment or a risky R&D investment. When the discovery of a new product creates positive externalities on non‐discovering firms, equilibrium investment flow, ex ante investment, and welfare...

Quantifying net primary productivity (NPP) is very important for understanding the global carbon cycle and assessing ecosystem carbon dynamics. But there are still uncertainties in the estimation of NPP. Using the winter wheat data from the experimental station in 2019, this study evaluated the...

Inter-firm R&D collaborations through contractual arrangements have become increasingly popular, but in many cases they are broken up without any joint discovery. We provide a rationale for the breakup date in R&D collaboration agreements. More specifically, we consider a research consortium...

The evolution of road expansion and traffic growth (motor vehicle) of urban system is a quite complex process. To investigate the interaction between them, a coevolution dynamics model is proposed in this paper to capture the relationships among traveler, vehicle and road. Then stability...