, infrastructure, and literacy rates, as well as state-level effects, have all contributed to the lack of absolute convergence in India. …

This paper tests a neo-Schumpeterian model with industry-level data to analyze how Brazil, India, and China are … competition to spur catch-up. In comparison, Brazil, which was as rich as South Korea, and India, which was as rich as China in … 1980, are catching up more slowly. Import-substitution industrialization strategies saddled Brazil and India with a large …