's productivity. In the case of an increasing frequency of blackouts, a firm may change factor shares in a number of ways. It may …. We estimate the losses in productivity due to factor-neutral and factor-biased effects of electricity scarcity. Our …. Finally, we find that these productivity changes, while costly to firms, led to small reductions in carbon emissions …

heterogeneity, the consideration of unobserved differences is far more challenging. Most estimation models try to account for …