We examine the market reactions to earnings announcements within a parent-subsidiary ownership structure. We find that the parents' investors react to all announcements within the group either immediately or with delay, whereas subsidiaries' investors only react to their own firm's...

Using the natural experiment created by France's 2011 board gender-quota law, we find that the presence of women on boards increases firms’ environmental and social (E&S) performance. Our results are robust to controlling for several directors’ observable characteristics and proxies for...

Loyalty shares, mechanisms designed to encourage long-term share ownership through disproportional ownership rights, face questions regarding their benefits and costs. We examine these questions through a natural experiment – the passage of the Florange Act in France – which required firms...