This paper uses completely new data to study the variations in beta when it deviates from the constancy assumption presumed by the market model. The concentration of the various researches on beta based on post 1926 data makes the 19th century Brussels Stock Exchange (BSE) data a very good...

This research piece will discuss the origins of this notion and its subsequent trends by explaining its primary characteristics and theoretical background. To address the primary research question, we will conduct a comparative analysis of Smart beta ETFs, actively managed ETFs, and passive ETFs...