Investment treaties protect foreign investors who contract with sovereign states. It remains unclear, however, whether parties are free to contract around these treaty rules, or whether treaty provisions should be understood as mandatory terms that constrain party choice. While investment...

The monograph is devoted to key issues on international investment contracts concluded between a host state as a bearer of power and a foreign investor for a specified period and aimed to contribute capital (investment) into the economy of that state. The only type of such agreements referred to...

International investment agreements (IIAs) almost universally define their temporal validity and thus set conditions for States’ exit from these treaties. This study presents the results of the survey of language that determines the temporal validity of 2,061 bilateral investment agreements...