The grant of monopoly patent protection is justified normally as a means for giving incentive for innovation. Market … driven innovation is not necessarily equitable, however, and the development concerns over the international intellectual … market patent system may be said to fail individuals in developing countries in regards to both focus and access; as no …

international patent applications in the US, Japan, the European Patent Office, and corresponding filings in three developing … undertake detailed analyses of patent prosecution in the three developing countries. Our analyses indicate that measures to … procedural aspects of patent systems, beyond the formal policies targeting secondary applications, that affect outcomes for these …

pharmaceuticals that were compliant with the 1995 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). We combine … pharmaceutical product sales data for India with a newly gathered dataset of molecule-linked patents issued by the Indian patent … office. Exploiting variation in the timing of patent decisions, we estimate that a molecule receiving a patent experienced an …

to provide latitude to the Member States to tailor their national patent laws to fit their individual needs. In 2001, the … the lead role in enacting the TRIPS Agreement's substantive and procedural patent flexibilities by introducing unique … compulsory licensing, the most notable exception to patent rights provided under the TRIPS Agreement. This empirical study is …

patent infringement, particularly if “reasonable compensation” is offered in the form of an “ongoing royalty” or an “interim … pharmaceutical regulatory approvals to the patent system and imposing stays of such approvals normally avoid the need for such … access to medicines relative to providing innovation incentives …

tuberculosis drugs, we show that there is an immediate and large increase in licensing by generic firms when a patent is included … in the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP). The effect is heterogeneous across countries. The findings are robust to …