: Australia, New Zealand, USA and Japan. The main findings showed that both short-term and cyclical exchange rate volatility are … generally lower in a currency union with either Australia or New Zealand. However, the results vary under varying weights and …

exchange rate series for the scenarios of currency union with Australia or with the United States from 1985 to 2001. We cannot … the United States or Australia. By contrast, cyclical variability in the New Zealand exchange rate has been greater over … the last sixteen years than it would have been in a currency union with either Australia or the United States …