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We examine the political economy underpinnings of import protection in general equilibrium. Starting from a dual theoretical representation of production, trade, and consumption, we map a general representation of the real economy to underlying political processes aka the political support...
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services it has not dismantled much of the existing national protectionism. The economic costs are calculated here at some 3 … competition. -- protectionism ; manufactures ; anti-dumping ; tariff equivalent ; customs union ; competition …
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This paper discusses the issue whether developing countries forego chances in world manufactured markets by protecting intermediate services against market entry of new suppliers. By scanning the empirical literature on effective rates of protection (ERP), the evidence is supportive. Yet, it...
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This paper investigates the sources and size of trade barriers at the industry level. We derive a micro-founded measure of industry-specific bilateral trade integration that has an in-built control for time-varying multilateral resistance. This trade integration measure is consistent with a...
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Background: In October 2015 the European Commission (EC) released its report Upgrading the Single Market: More Opportunities for People and Business, which includes a stated intention to explore an option for implementing a Supplementary Protection Certificate (SPC) manufacturing and export...
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sampling. 50 respondents, all working girls in carpet weaving industry, were interviewed. Carpet weaving is hazardous work and … posture during work. 66% respondents know that carpet weaving is hazardous work and not suitable them. 46% respondents believe … that child labour in carpet weaving industry is decreasing. 80% respondents want to study instead of work. The study …
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